فصلنامه فقه و تاریخ تمدن
سال پنجم شماره 18 (زمستان 1387)

Wisdom has played a great role in strengthening religion, and religion has also valued wisdom so highly that considers wisdom as the pillar of religion.By wisdom, we mean the general and collective wisdom, not the individual or personal one.There are different views concerning the relationship between wisdom and religion with the juists, sometimes extremely, and sometimes so little. Some consider no need to mention this relationship, while some observe no status for wisdom to infer religious injunctions.This paper deals with rational goodness and, indecent and the connection between order, wisdom and divine law. Under this rule, there is an argument on the fact that what the divine law dictates, wisdom also orders, so that most of the scholars consider this rule ineffective, but believe that what wisdom dictates, divine law approves of, while they observe the quantity of wisdom in miracles non-effective.

By observing the period of women’s menses, the condition of a pregnant or non-pregnant woman is determined, so that the fact of mixture of familial offspring is prevented, especially in our modern time when divorce is prevailing in our society. Moreover, the spouses are allowed to return to their marital condition if they desire during this certain period.This paper seeks to study women’s menses period to see whether they are pregnant or not to prevent serious problems in offsprings, along with other reasons considered in this paper.The main point of the paper is to consider the status of this period of menses in women and the reason why women must observe a certain of period and wait for a certain time before they desire to marry again after they are divorced.According to research findings and what has been contained in jurisprudential books, this menstruation period is included among the discussions and arguments such as conjugal marriage, permanent marriage or temporary marriage, divorce, death of spouses, dissolution of marriage tie, and so on, while in contyemporary books this fact is recently brought into consideration.

Societies would not remain stable, durable and constant without thinking and contemplation. No imperial government would come into being without this thinking trend and speculation style. If this kind of contemplation and its functionality were not based on wisdom and planning, the society would not survive. Ancient Iranians in their own geographical environment have constantly benefited from such wisdom and planning that highlighted all the human aspects of life and even gave it a universal popularity and that its ideal aspect was found in versions and people’s beliefs, in tales and in historical data. What was more important in this trend of political thought was man’s liberty and his individual status which contributed to the perfection and value of a society; otherwise, Iranians were not successful as a nation who had occupied the global power in political, economic, social aspects, art and literature and even in mental aspects of life for tens of centuries. In addition, they have been able to preserve their contribution and their effect on the world civilization so far. They were also able to lay the foundation of the country administration as well as the world administrative system and to offer a government style based on lightness (freedom and justice), which was considered as a kind of divine determination and will, which they themselves represented it.

It is not easy to understand today’s conditions of a society without the Perception of its historical transformations background. There are many views concerning the historical changes of Iran, each of which considers its historical social changes from different points of view.This paper is an attempt to consider some of their restrictions, especially the valadity of periodical theory of Ibne- Khaldoon on the social transformations, which he studies in his book entitled” Al-Ebr…”about 600 years ago(Some part of it appears in Persian).in this part of the book, he evaluates the historical transformations in Iran based on histoical evidences.To the author of the article, the theory of Ibn-Khaldoon, as the modern theories of H. Katoozian, Ashraf, contains extraordinary originality and precision along with some changes and balances of acceptable theoretical paradigms on the explanation of hisorcial and social changes in Iran, in particular for the post Islam period.This article also seeks to investigate the Taherids and Safavid Periods in Iran, in which Iran had constantly experienced changes and involved wars and fightings among races and tribes, mostly between foreigners and Iranians.Thus, the inconsistancy of the Katoozians calls it “A Pick Society “(Kulangi Society).At the end of the paper, the writer tends to conclude that the recognition of these transformations and upheavals should help us to understand the modern conditions much better.

The conquest of Andelus and the presence of Muslims over there for eight centuries produced many cultural, scientific, economic, and political achievements.Among these accomplishments, the science of medicine is of great significance, in which the Muslims had great advancements. The availability of Muslims in Islamic Qaranta during 250 years and due to their producing several specialized medical books including pharmaceutical, surgery, internal diseases, contagious diseases, and public health, along with benefiting from physicians during this period of medical history of the past in Andelus, the east of Islam World has become an imporatnt area of the Muslims, activities in this area of human knowledge.This paper is an attempt to investigate the medical works produced during the Muslims’rule in Islamic Qaranta.

One of the matters, which is considered as an accepted thing in jurisprudence, is the sanctity of charity for the the Hashem’s household. Sharif Murtaza has introduced the sanctity of charity for the Hashemids, as are of the Imamyyeh’s differences in his own jurisprudential creed. He used to ask Holy Muhammad (pbuh) on this matter whenever some food was brought to him considering the fact if the Holy Prophet knew that the food was as charity, he would not accept it, but if he knew it was as a gift, he would accept it.The Holy Prophet dispatched Holy Imam Ali (a.s.) to Yeman to collect taxes and for some judicial judgement, and he prohibitted the given charity for the Banihashems from the off-springs of Abi Talib Aqilan and Ja’afereh and the Alavids and the Abbas-Ibn-Abdul Muttalib and the Abi Lahabs and the Harith-Ibn-Abdul-Muttalibs, except for the sanctity of it for some Sadats, in case, they would give charity to one another.

The history of accounting dscipline is one of the quests, the status and trend of which has almost been ignored so far. Most books on accounting have attributed the birthplace of this discipline to western countries, but most scholars consider its background and history back to 600 years ago originated in Mesopotamia.This paper seeks to study the Accounting and Auditing as well as the Banking system during the Hakhamaneshid (Achamenid) Period. Some tablets and historical documents and evidences reveal that the regular systems and routins of salary and wages payments, store-keeping, accounting systems, banking institutions, coins minting, the existence of taxation systems, and auditing inspections, all of which indicate the development of accounting and financial systems during the Hakhamaneshid Period.

Philosophy and theology have undergone several ups and downs in the world of Islam. The flourishing aspect of philosophy and certain theological sects have sometimes been affected by certain conditions of time and place, as the result of which some philosophers and theologians have come into existence. Occasionally, there were some negative points where the recession in philosophy and in some theological sects have occurred, while other disciplines have developed.No doubt, the ruling classes have played great roles in this process. Therefore, this paper seeks to study the function of the Taherids, as the first ruling class household, in post-Islamic Iran as far as philosophy and theology are concerned. For their kingdom domain, Khorassan and Transoxania have been their important cultural centers in the world of Islam, which have contributed to the development and cherishing of philosophy and theology or to their recession.Thus, it is noteworthy to have a review and to recognize the scopes of such a process across this land during the Taherids period as well as their effect in the following eras.